US Post Cold War Interventionism Foreign Policy Essay

US Post Cold War Interventionism Foreign Policy - Essay Example There is strong and credible argument that the United States foreign policy has encouraged widespread destabilization across the world, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism. The use of the United States military should be restricted to situations where the country’s regional integrity, liberty, or sovereignty is under threat. President George Washington, the founding father of the United States, established the country’s first foreign policy that forbids the new republic to engage in political and power struggles in other countries across the globe. During his farewell speech in 1796, the president stated that â€Å"the great rule of conduct for the United States foreign policy is extending the countries commercial relations, with minimal political involvement as possible† (Gordon and Shapiro, 2004, p52). The president further stated that it was in the United States’ foreign policy to avoid unnecessary permanent alliances with any reg ion across the globe (Dean 1999). Since that speech, the United States has been involved into numerous conflicts across all the six continents in the world. The main objective of the United States involvement in the Cold War was to deter expansion of communism across the world. According to Bleschloss and Talbot (1993), the progress of the Soviet Red Army in the Second World War established the Soviet Union as the most dominant power in European continent. The Red Army freed Eastern Europe from an unwarranted Nazi aggression which had claimed millions of lives in the continent. Blum (2003) noted that the Soviet Union had suffered the heaviest casualties, totalling over 20 million and the new government under President Josef Stalin was determined to prevent western style democracy to become entrenched in the European continent. From these developments, Winston Churchill, then English prime minister, warned of the descent of â€Å"iron curtain† in Europe (Cohen, 1993). This mar ked the beginning of the United States intervention in the region, driven by concerns about the prospect of communist rule in both Eastern and Western Europe. The opposing views pertaining to the political future of the European continent created conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States referred as the Cold War. The tension threatened outbreak of the Third World War as both countries engaged in massive military mobilizations and development of weapons of mass destruction. The competition for developing military weapons and desire to contain the Soviet influence caused a major shift in the United States foreign policy which became more inclined to aggression. According to Cameron (2005, p. 62), the United States committed itself to pursuing â€Å"a patient but firm, long-term policy for containing and eventually destroying the communism by indentifying and revealing major social and economic weaknesses associated with the ideology†. The resulting ideological war took over four decades, causing heavy economic losses to the American economy. Through Truman Doctrine, the United States made its first foreign intervention during peacetime. The country spent millions of dollars to support countries in Europe that were under threat of falling into soviet influence. These included Turkey and Greece in which the American government invested over

Hektor and Paris Essay Example for Free

Hektor and Paris Essay The Illiad is an ancient Greek epic poem which comprises of twenty-four books. It is believed to be composed in the 8th century BC. It describes the events of the Trojan War, a conflict between Greece and Troy that took place four centuries earlier. The initial cause of the Trojan War was the abduction of Helen, the queen of Sparta, by Paris, aTrojan prince. As the poem unfolds more and more is apparent as we are introduced to new characters, who we see develop in new situations. Distinctive characters are formed within the Illiad as Homer has made their importance and significance to the story apparent. Two such characters are Hektor and Paris, whom I am going to analyse thoroughly by referring to books three and six. Paris is the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, and brother to Hektor. He is also referred to as Alexandros in the Illiad. In Book three we are first introduced to Paris very early on, on the battle field, just as the Achaians are approaching. He is described as Alexandros the godlike. Throughout the Illiad Homer uses many references to refer to Paris. He refers to Paris as the hero, as godlike and even as son of Priam. Homer also uses the same technique in reference to Hektor. Hektor is also the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba as he is brother to Paris. Hektor is referred to as the mightiest warrior in the Trojan army. He is also referred to as tall Hektor, as beloved of Zeus and as the slayer of men. Although these references are insightful, they are vague. To understand these characters true personalities we must look closer at the text and the context in which they are present in. Pariss character is apparent and definable from the context in book three alone. We learn a lot about him and how he is perceived, not just by his family, but also his people. Our first description of Paris in book three is in his armour as he is prepared for combat. He is described as wearing across his shoulders the hide of a leopard, curved bow and sword; while in his hands shaking two javelins pointed with bronze. This brief description is insightful as we can deduct a lot about his personality just from his attire. The fact that Paris is intending to use a curved bow in combat is significant. A curved bow was seen as a cowardly means of fighting as it involves attacking from a safe distance, as no physical combat is therefore necessary. This suggests that Paris has no real intention of fighting appropriately but is just present for show. The fact Homer has described his attire in so much detail further exemplifies this. The leopard across his shoulders is symbolic of the great Herakles whom fought and killed a leopard as part of his twelve labours. Perhaps Homer is suggesting that although Paris may appear to be of the same physical stature as Herakles, he certainly doesnt posses the same courage and fighting ability. Pariss cowardly nature is then confirmed as when he saw Menelaos showing among the champions, the heart was shaken within him; to avoid death he shrank into the host of his own companions. Although we do not get a direct insight into Hektors fighting capability in books three and six, he is constantly referred to as the mightiest warrior of the Trojans and slayer of men. We do however get an insight into Hektors leadership qualities, which Homer runs parallel and contrasts to Pariss gutless nature. After Hektor confronted Paris on the battlefield he confronted the rest of the Trojan and Greek  army to inform them of how the battle could be resolved. Hektor hearing his word was happy and went into the space between and forced back the Trojan battalions holding his spear by the middle until they were all seated. But the flowing-haired Achaians kept pointing their bows at him with arrows and with flung stones striving ever to strike him. This point the situation is very perilous for Hektor as he is being attacked from all sides. Homer has to bring in Agamemnon to deal with the situation and calm his men down to hear what Hektor has to say. It is only after the men are calmed that we see Hektors great leadership qualities as he sustains the attention of both sides of the army and clearly presents them with an ulterior way of resolving the war. This scene is interesting as Hektor is portrayed strangely in a heroic light. Here Hektor is being confronted by the entire Greek army yet doesnt stand down or hide away, he faces up to them in an attempt to get his message across. This situation mirrors Pariss, when he fled and hid on the battlefield because he confronted by just one warrior. Although Paris appears to possess greater strength and courage, it is actually Hektor who does. Homer has clearly distinguished a difference in character between the two brothers here. Paris is portrayed as an effeminate character in comparison to the rest of the male characters in several ways. It has already been established that he is not a great warrior as he posses no courage or strength. The degree of precision which Paris takes in putting on his armour is humorous as his vanity shines through. First he placed along his legs the fair greaves linked with silver fastenings to hold the greaves at the ankles. Not only is the style in which he dresses himself effeminate but also the  extent of his armour. The fact that everything is trimmed with silver and that his helmet is well-fashioned illustrates this. The idea of Pariss looks being his  distinguishing characteristic is again exemplified when he is being referred to by Aphrodite. Shining in his raiment and his own beauty; you would not think that he came from fighting against a man; you would think he was going rather to dance, or rested and had been dancing lately. This description is very insightful as Homer is almost suggesting that Paris is only fit for and suitable for dancing, he is not made to fight, unlike his brother Hektor.

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Philosophy of Teaching Teachers Education Essays

Teaching Philosophy Statement It is a constant truth that technology is growing rapidly and it is opening up many opportunities for students as well as teachers. Through the use of the internet information that would take scholars months to acquire out and interpret can be found in less than a minute though a Google search and not only is the information their, but in many cases the information that you wanted is shown in bolded so it can even be found quicker. Through technology even rural schools who cannot afford to pay for magazine subscriptions can buy into online periodical programs like Proquest or Infotrack. This opens up articles written from hundreds of magazines and over several years. All of this information that allows for thousands of facts that students can pull and rewrite; but they loose something in this method. Patents and the ability to pull the facts for themselves. In many cases when online magazines or sites are used students see only and abridged copy of the original text they do not get to decide what is important or have to take the time to read through the book or magazine to see the author’s intent. If you type in gun control online you will be bombarded by thousands of items including the Second Amendment. Yet instead of reading the complete bill of rights they would only see the Second Amendment. Which is fine in many cases; but isn’t better for the students at least scan the entire constitution. If nothing else to scan the Preamble or the 1st Amendments right of the freedom of the speech. If students scan the entire constitution then not only will they find the information they are looking for, but maybe their eyes will be caught by something that interest them, allowing them to think for themselves and ask questions that will provoke thought and hopefully continue to seek knowledge on. But how can this be accomplished? Through the use of the Teacher-Centered Philosophies Essentialism and Perennialists to build off of and Problem based learning Teacher can use Scaffolding to ask the questions that make children want to search for answers that make since to them in a organized and educational fashion. Like many things in Social Science the same information can be seen by two people and get completely different answers. During the Civil War Thomas Jackson received the Nickname Stonewall.

Personal Reflections

Jeremiah learned a lesson that is its deep understanding of the limitations of human beings that we cannot live a decent and satisfying life without constant guidance of Almighty God. Through the book of Jeremiah, who first taught me is, how servants of God are called to serve Him and how the Almighty chose to serve his servant from the womb itself. â€Å"Now the word of the Lord came to me saying, ‘Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, and before you were born I consecrated you; I appointed you a prophet to the nations.† (Jeremiah 1: 5). Jeremiah the Prophet was commissioned from the womb of his mother for his sacred duty. There are some things here that is beautiful and wonderful, when we consider what it says about the knowledge of God. God told Jeremiah that he â€Å"knew† before he was created in the womb. He already knows the strengths and weaknesses of Jeremiah. He knew that Jeremiah would be what God wants to use during certain periods of the history of Israel. Every servant of God had their own commissioned to serve Him in various office. Strong Relationship with GodJeremiah has a long-term relationship with God. Over time, he learned to inspire and trust him with positive results from many experiments that took place in the office. The righteous prophets, who tell the truth about the national condition, are not human. Jeremiah has some real friends. But God is the first in the life of this prophet. He knows and obeys God as Creator. Jeremiah was chosen to record one of the deepest parts of the Bible by God. â€Å"Thus says the Lord:† Give to the wise not to praise his wisdom, not to give a strong glory to man in his power, nor to leave the glory of riches and riches? But he who glorifies this glory, who understands and knows me, who God is, makes love, judgment, and justice on earth. (Jeremiah 9: 23-24). Jeremiah the Rescuer Despite the different circumstances, the prophet Jeremiah lived in a period of national chaos at a time when it looked like the current climate of uncertainty and anxiety. The faith, according to Jeremiah, is supported and supported by God's personal commitment to him. Jeremiah says â€Å"Then the Lord returned his hand and touched my mouth, and the Lord said, â€Å"Behold, I have put my words in your mouth. Today, I have made all these nations and over the kingdom, destroy and exterminate, build and (9-10)†. We can see the contents of the book itself, which Jeremiah prophesied during the period of sudden decline and ultimately the capture of the country of Judah. This is a prominent voice in the expression of God's matter for his people. Over the course of about 40 years, Jeremiah prophesied during the reign of the five different kings of Judah by the worthy Josiah. Guide trouble with it, let Jeremiah learned a few lessons about the nature of God and the very human condition that men and women of the this century must understand and acknowledge the commission of God given to them and to save nations or people.Relying on  God alone.Most of the time we forgot to relying on God when the time of persecutions. But in this book teach us, despite the severe persecution of his people, Jeremiah knew that the Supreme Lord was the absolute control of these events. Many compatriots do not, and some of them continue to weaken their message, directly from the Creator. But God had said: â€Å"I am watching to see that my word is fulfilled† (Jeremiah 1:12,  NIV).Our Creator has a clear planning and purpose for the salvation of mankind. Some things in this world make sense only if we accept this fact. For all Judah, who were attending the day of Jeremiah, God promised them that he would bless them when they were captured in Babylon. â€Å"For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says the  LORD, thoughts of peace and not of evil, to give you a future and a hope. Then you will call upon Me and go and pray to Me, and I will listen to you† (Jeremiah 29:11-12).Great commisionGod does not like to punish Judah for national and personal sin. He sent prophets to warn them in advance, but the nation has ignored. â€Å"In vain I have chastened your children; they received no correction† (Jeremiah 2:30). So, national captivity became a necessity. What are the teachings of our world today? What we can learn by this? Of cause it's become the reflection of today's world. Before the disaster of Judah, Jeremiah expressed repentance by the people for the people of his. â€Å"Amend your ways and your doings, and I will cause you to dwell in this place† (Jeremiah 7:3). God calls people to conversion and personal Judah nations (verses 4-7), but it did not happen. We can get it that many benefits from the guidance of His constant regardless of how bad the country was left. â€Å"O Lord, correct me, but with justice; do with your anger, lest thou not think do not matter† (Jeremiah 10:24). Can pray the same prayer today for our country Malaysia? Yes we can because God the Almighty is the same yesterday-today- and tomorrow. Surely he will listen to our prayer. Accept the Rebuke.Jeremiah was human and had failings, but at least he honestly admitted them to God. Instead of piously covering up his true feeling, he pour out his heart to the Lord and the Lord answer him. He asks God, that he wonders why the pain and loneliness seem to be unending! He wonders whether God will fail him. Will God be like an unreliable and seasonal brook? God's answer may shock the prophet, for the Lord told him he needed to repent, if he repent God will restore him that he may serve the Lord, if Jeremiah utter worthy, not worthless, word, so that he may be the spokesman. The Lord always balance rebuke with assurance. He promised once again to make Jeremiah a fortified wall and give him victory over all enemies. Jeremiah had to learn to walk by faith, which meant obeying God's word no matter how he felt, what he saw, or what people might do to him. God never promised Jeremiah an easy job, but He did promise Jeremiah all that he need to do His work faithfully. God reminds Jeremiah that the suffering he has experienced is exactly like what God had told him. Jeremiah then, is not to crumble in the face of adversity but rather redouble his commitment to his prophetic vocation. Persecution has not derailed God's promise to deliver and vindicate (verse 20), and God reminds Jeremiah that his perseverance is the very vehicle by which the people are won over to repentance (verse 19). Conclusion Is it incredible for God's chosen servants to be weak and harm their own ministries? No. Because every servant of God is a human being and is subject to the weakness of human nature. Example; Moses became discouraged and wanted to die (No. 11: 10-15); Joshua was willing to stop and leave the land of promise (Jos 7: 6-11), Elijah even left his place of duty and hoped to die (1 Kings 19) and Jonah was angry and he refused to help the person he came to rescue (Jonah 4). God does not want us to ignore our feelings, because it will make us less than human beings, but He wants us to trust Him to change our feelings and to walk with faith in Him.The book of Jeremiah teaches that honesty and faithfulness in the midst of suffering are signs of prophetic service and a lesson that is its deep understanding of the limitations of human beings that we cannot live a decent and satisfying life without constant guidance of Almighty God. The announcement of the prophet to his initial call was a way in which God would carry out his redemptive work in the world and reaffirm the promises of liberation.

Michael Pollan on Peter Singer

In his article published in the New York Times, Michael Pollan interprets Peter Singer’s thoutghs as those of an ardent defender of animal rights, especially with regard to those slaughtered for meat.According to Pollan, Singer looks at the moral obligation of treating people with equal capabilities and uses it in the context of the relationship between people and animals.   Singer’s argument is not to give animals equal rights with people per se, but at least consider their rights where they both share interest.Because avoiding pain is a behavior associated with both humans and animals, animals should be given moral consideration on those grounds. Singer’s arguments, according to Pollan, have led to the conversion of thousands of people into vegetarians. Singer is therefore depicted as strong animal rights crusader.Pollan defends the meat eating culture in a number of ways. First, he believes that animals have the habit of eating each other all the time, and t herefore human beings are justified to eat them. The problem with this argument is that animals kill in order to survive. Human beings, on the other hand, do not have to kill to survive.  His second argument on why human beings should kill animals is based on domestication of animals. His position is that farm animals would be worse off if they lived in the wild.   However, domestication is driven by a demand, and that is the reason why domesticated animals exist.Indeed, animal rightist believe that if there were no domesticated animals, there would be no suffering for them. Pollan finally accepts that animal suffering is a legitimate problem, but expresses the need to solve human problems first. Again, this perspective puts animals at a disadvantage because they cannot participate in any moral decision making process.Pollan appears to embrace utilitarianism on the grounds that humans owe animals that can feel pain moral consideration, and this justifies why they should be eaten . Pollan concludes that industrialization has led to the loss of human feelings, which he refers as dehumanization. Specifically, he points out that America raises and slaughters animals in a brutal manner more than any other country.However, he insists that there is some kind of protectionism, whereby a variety of key players lack adequate information on the real status of the meat industry in America. If this information were to become available, the meat industry would undergo an overnight transformation, with meat becoming more expensive.  Ã‚  People will eat meat while giving the animals the respect they deserve. Pollan does not call for total abolishment of the places where animals are slaughtered, but rather advocates for a more humane way of growing and slaughtering them.Pollan’s argument appears more rational because his case is argued from a holistic perspective, taking views from both animal rightists and meat crusaders. His final stand is based on an analysis of the interests of both the animal rightists and meat crusaders, while that of singer appears to strictly consider animal rights only. Meat eating has featured in the diet of human beings for a long time.The hunter-gatherer societies and the early man both exploited meat, not for luxury but for subsistence. The idea of animal farming is to sustain the meat industry without compromising the availability of meat in the future. This, however, should be done in the most humane way. For example, animals should be allocated sufficient space for exercise while they are being grown. They should also be slaughtered in such a manner that they should encounter least pain.ReferencesPollan, M. (2002). An Animals Place. The New York Times magazine. Retrieved from http://michaelpollan.com/article.php?id=55 on 9th April 2009

glacier national park essays

glacier national park essays Picture this: You are camped out about 7:00 or so in a valley by a large lake. A mirrored image of the snow peaked mountains lay still in the ice cold water. The cool glacier air opens up your lungs as you inhale the moist air. The sun starts to set around 9:00 an a feeling of aloneness, and uncertainty surrounds you. The sound of silence soon gives way to coyotes, owls, and other animals in the area that start to haunt you. Although it is night time the sky is still present, and The ceiling of the park is enormous and remind us of how small we really are. Glacier National Park is located in the northwest corner on Montana. The park consists of over 1600 miles of natural beauty, 1600 miles can get you to Florida back. The Park contains over 250 lakes, over 50 glaciers, over 1100 native wildlife flowers, and is home to over 50 different species of animals. Glacier National Park is incredible because of its natural beauty, its isolation from the world, and its uniqueness. 1.) Upon entering the park, perhaps the first thing noticed is the sky. When you look up and see the sky the thing you notice most is the size. You will see the whole sky, in comparison to around here where you see only parts of the sky. The different colors in the sky provide you with constant scenery. The area is appropriately nickname "BIG SKY COUNTRY." If you choose to drive through the park, you will drive on the appropriately name "GOING TO THE SUN ROAD." This is a 50 mile winding road that provides you various scenery such as Sperry glacier, the 2nd largest glacier in the park. This road is considered one of the worlds great scenic drives. It crosses the continental divide, at Logan pass, the roads most impressive point. Along this road there are several overlooks that let you see the parks picturesque beauty. According to Robert Scharff, a researcher on National Par ...

General Omar Bradley in World War II

General Omar Bradley in World War II General of the Army Omar N. Bradley was a key American commander during World War II and later served as the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Graduating from West Point in 1915, he served stateside during World War I before advancing through the ranks during the interwar years. With the beginning of World War II, Bradley trained two divisions before serving under Lieutenant General George S. Patton in North Africa and Sicily. Known for his understated nature, he earned the nickname the G.I. General and later commanded the First U.S. Army and 12th Army Group in Northwest Europe. Bradley played a central role during the Battle of the Bulge and directed American forces as they drove into Germany. Early Life Born at Clark, MO on February 12, 1893, Omar Nelson Bradley was the son of schoolteacher John Smith Bradley and his wife Sarah Elizabeth Bradley. Though from a poor family, Bradley received a quality education at Higbee Elementary School and Moberly High School. After graduation, he began working for the Wabash Railroad to earn money to attend the University of Missouri. During this time, he was advised by his Sunday school teacher to apply to West Point. Sitting the entry exams at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, Bradley placed second but secured the appointment when the first place finisher was unable to accept it. West Point Entering the academy in 1911, he quickly took to the academys disciplined lifestyle and soon proved gifted at athletics, baseball in particular. This love of sports interfered with his academics, however he still managed to graduate 44th in a class of 164. A member of the Class of 1915, Bradley was classmates with Dwight D. Eisenhower. Dubbed the class the stars fell on, 59 of the class members ultimately became generals. World War I Commissioned as a second lieutenant, he was posted to the 14th Infantry and saw service along the US-Mexico border. Here his unit supported Brigadier General John J. Pershings Punitive Expedition which entered Mexico to subdue Pancho Villa. Promoted to first lieutenant in October 1916, he married Mary Elizabeth Quayle two months later. With the US entry into World War I in April 1917, the 14th Infantry, then at Yuma, AZ, was moved to the Pacific Northwest. Now a captain, Bradley was tasked with policing copper mines in Montana. Desperate to be assigned to a combat unit heading to France, Bradley requested a transfer several times but to no avail. Made a major in August 1918, Bradley was excited to learn that the 14th Infantry was being deployed to Europe. Organizing at Des Moines, IA, as part of the 19th Infantry Division, the regiment remained in the United States as a result of the armistice and influenza epidemic. With the U.S. Armys postwar demobilization, the 19th Infantry Division was stood down at Camp Dodge, IA in February 1919. Following this, Bradley was detailed to South Dakota State University to teach military science and reverted to the peacetime rank of captain. Fast Facts: General Omar N. Bradley Rank: General of the ArmyService: U.S. ArmyBorn: February, 12, 1893 in Clark, MODied: April 8, 1981 in New York, NYParents: John Smith Bradley and Sarah Elizabeth BradleySpouse: Mary Elizabeth Quayle, Esther BuhlerConflicts: World War II, Korean WarKnown For: D-Day (Operation Overlord), Operation Cobra, Battle of the Bulge Interwar Years In 1920, Bradley was posted to West Point for a four-year tour as a mathematics instructor. Serving under then-Superintendent Douglas MacArthur, Bradley devoted his free time to studying military history, with a special interest in the campaigns of William T. Sherman. Impressed with Shermans campaigns of movement, Bradley concluded that many of the officers who had fought in France had been misled by the experience of static warfare. As a result, Bradley believed that Shermans Civil War campaigns were more relevant to future warfare than those of World War I. Promoted to major while at West Point, Bradley was sent to the Infantry School at Fort Benning in 1924. As the curriculum stressed open warfare, he was able to apply his theories and developed a mastery of tactics, terrain, and fire and movement. Utilizing his prior research, he graduated second in his class and in front of many officers who had served in France. After a brief tour with the 27th Infantry in Hawaii, where he befriended George S. Patton, Bradley was selected to attend the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, KS in 1928. Graduating the following year, he believed the course to be dated and uninspired. Departing Leavenworth, Bradley was assigned to the Infantry School as an instructor and served under future-General George C. Marshall. While there, Bradley was impressed by Marshall who favored giving his men an assignment and letting them accomplish it with minimal interference. In describing Bradley, Marshall commented that he was quiet, unassuming, capable, with sound common sense. Absolute dependability. Give him a job and forget it. Deeply influenced by Marshalls methods, Bradley adopted them for his own use in the field. After attending the Army War College, Bradley returned to West Point as an instructor in the Tactical Department. Among his pupils were the future leaders of the US Army such as William C. Westmoreland and Creighton W. Abrams World War II Begins Promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1936, Bradley was brought to Washington two years later for duty with the War Department. Working for Marshall, who was made Army Chief of Staff in 1939, Bradley served as  assistant secretary of the General Staff. In this role, he worked to identify problems and developed solutions for Marshalls approval. In February 1941, he was promoted directly to the temporary rank of brigadier general.  This was done to allow him to assume command of the Infantry School. While there he promoted the formation of armored and airborne forces as well as developed the prototype Officer Candidate School. With the US entry into World War II on December 7, 1941, Marshall asked Bradley to prepare for other duty. Given command of the reactivated 82nd Division, he oversaw its training before fulfilling a similar role for the 28th Division. In both cases, he utilized Marshalls approach of simplifying military doctrine to make it easier for newly recruited citizen-soldiers. In addition, Bradley utilized a variety of techniques to ease draftees transition to military life and boost morale while also implementing a rigorous program of physical training. As a result, Bradleys efforts in 1942, produced two fully trained and prepared combat divisions. In February 1943, Bradley was assigned command of X Corps, but before taking the position was ordered to North Africa by Eisenhower to troubleshoot problems with American troops in the wake of the defeat at Kasserine Pass. Lieutenant General Omar Bradley on the navigation bridge of USS Ancon (AGC-4), en route to the invasion of Sicily, 7 July 1943. With him is Captain Timothy Wellings, USN. US Naval History and Heritage Command North Africa Sicily Arriving, Bradley recommended that Patton be given command of the U.S. II Corps. This was done and the authoritarian commander soon restored the units discipline. Becoming Pattons deputy, Bradley worked to improve the fighting qualities of the corps as the campaign progressed.  As a result of his efforts, he ascended to command of II Corps in April 1943, when Patton departed to aid in planning the invasion of Sicily. For the remainder of the North African Campaign, Bradley ably led the corps and restored its confidence. Serving as part of Pattons Seventh Army, II Corps spearheaded the attack on Sicily in July 1943. During the campaign in Sicily, Bradley was discovered by journalist Ernie Pyle and promoted as the G.I. General for his unprepossessing nature and affinity for wearing a common soldiers uniform in the field. D-Day In the wake of the success in the Mediterranean, Bradley was selected by Eisenhower to lead the first American army to land in France and to be prepared to subsequently take over a full army group. Returning to the United States, he established his headquarters at Governors Island, NY and began assembling staff to assist him in his new role as commander of the First U.S. Army.  Returning to Britain in October 1943, Bradley took part in the planning for D-Day (Operation Overlord). Senior U.S. officers watching operations from the bridge of USS Augusta (CA-31), off Normandy, 8 June 1944. They are (from left to right): Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, USN, Commander Western Naval Task Force; Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley, U.S. Army, Commanding General, U.S. First Army; Rear Admiral Arthur D. Struble, USN, (with binoculars) Chief of Staff for RAdm. Kirk; and Major General Ralph Royce, U.S. Army. National Archives and Records Administration A believer in employing airborne forces to limit German access to the coast, he lobbied for the use of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions in the operation. As commander of the U.S. First Army, Bradley oversaw the American landings on Omaha and Utah Beaches from the cruiser USS Augusta on June 6, 1944. Troubled by the stiff resistance at Omaha, he briefly considered evacuating troops from the beach and sending the follow-on waves to Utah. This proved unnecessary and three days later he shifted his headquarters ashore. Northwest Europe As Allied forces built up in Normandy, Bradley was elevated to lead the 12th Army Group. As early attempts to push deeper inland failed, he planned Operation Cobra with the goal of breaking out of the beachhead near St. Lo. Commencing in late July, the operation saw a liberal use of air power before ground forces smashed through the German lines and began a dash across France. As his two armies, the Third under Patton and the First under Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges, advanced towards the German border, Bradley advocated for a thrust into the Saarland. Lieutenant General Sir Miles C. Dempsey (right) with the 21st Army Group commander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery (center), and U.S. First Army commander, Lieutenant General Omar Bradley (left), 10 June 1944. Public Domain This was denied in favor of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomerys Operation Market-Garden. While Market-Garden bogged down in September 1944, Bradleys troops, spread thin and short on supplies, fought brutal battles in the Hà ¼rtgen Forest, Aachen, and Metz. In December, Bradleys front absorbed the brunt of the German offensive during the Battle of the Bulge. After stopping the German assault, his men played a key role in pushing the enemy back, with Pattons Third Army making an unprecedented turn north to relieve the 101st Airborne at Bastogne. During the fighting, he was angered when Eisenhower temporarily assigned First Army to Montgomery for logistical reasons. Promoted to general in March 1945, Bradley led 12th Army Group, now four armies strong, through the final offensives of the war and successfully captured a bridge over the Rhine at Remagen. In a final push, his troops formed the southern arm of a massive pincer movement which captured 300,000 German troops in the Ruhr, before meeting up with Soviet forces at the Elbe River. Postwar With the surrender of Germany in May 1945, Bradley was eager for a command in the Pacific. This was not forthcoming as General Douglas MacArthur was not in need of another army group commander. On August 15, President Harry S. Truman appointed Bradley to the head of the Veterans Administration. While not thrilled with the assignment, Bradley worked diligently to modernize the organization to meet the challenges it would face in the postwar years. Basing his decisions on the needs of veterans rather than political considerations, he built a nationwide system of offices and hospitals as well as revised and updated the G.I. Bill and arranged for job training. In February 1948, Bradley was appointed Army Chief of Staff to replace the departing Eisenhower. He remained in this post only eighteen months as he was named the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on August 11, 1949. With this came a promotion to General of the Army (5-star) the following September. Remaining in this position for four years, he oversaw U.S. operations during the Korean War and was forced to rebuke General Douglas MacArthur for wishing to expand the conflict into Communist China. Later Life Retiring from the military in 1953, Bradley moved into the private sector and served as chairman of the board of the Bulova Watch Company from 1958 until 1973. Following the death of his wife Mary of leukemia in 1965, Bradley married Esther Buhler on September 12, 1966. During the 1960s, he served as a member of President Lyndon Johnsons Wise Men think tank and later acted as a technical advisor on the film Patton. Bradley died on April 8, 1981, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Identifying Infinitive Phrases Exercises and Practice

Identifying Infinitive Phrases Exercises and Practice An infinitive is a verbalusually preceded by the particle tothat can function in a sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. This exercise will test your ability to recognize infinitive phrases and distinguish them from prepositional phrases. Instructions Each sentence below contains at least one infinitive phrase. Some (but not all) of the sentences also include prepositional phrases beginning with to. Identify only the infinitive phrase(s) in each sentence, and then compare your responses with the answers below. More than anything else, I wanted some time alone to read.My grandmother told me that we have been put on earth to share, to care, to give, and to receive.While the train was stopped at the station, Bugsy attempted to climb to the top of one of the freight cars.Mama Day tells the citizens of the island to listen to the crows instead of the news bulletins. (Gloria Naylor, Mama Day)During the Great Depression, audiences wanted to laugh when they went to the movies.Every Wednesday, six women from Wisbech came to the castle to do the weekly wash.On the last night of the retreat, we wanted to sing a song to end an evening that had been particularly touching to us all.The duke left the duchess at a Red Roof Inn and proceeded to drive to the country to see his mother.At the end of their long adventure, Lucy and Edmund are told that they are too old to return to Narnia again.Within each Ring of Plague Sabine had organized, there was a complete assortment of powers: one to fight with ice, one to see through soil, one to throw lightning, one to fly, one to fade, one to shrink, one to breathe fire, one to run like the wind, one to burrow, one to see through rock, one to levitate objects, and one to push and bind dreams. (Obert Skye, Leven Thumps and the Whispered Secret) Here (in bold print) are the answers. More than anything else, I wanted some time alone  to read.My grandmother told me that we have been put on earth  to share, /  to care,  /  to give, and  to receive.While the train was stopped at the station, Bugsy attempted  to climb  to the top of one of the freight cars.Mama Day tells the citizens of the island  to listen  to the crows instead of the news bulletins. (Gloria Naylor,  Mama Day)During the Great Depression, audiences wanted  to laugh  when they went to the movies.Every Wednesday, six women from Wisbech came to the castle  to do the weekly wash.On the last night of the retreat, we wanted  to sing a song  /  to end an evening  that had been particularly touching to us all.The duke left the duchess at a Red Roof Inn and proceeded  to drive  to the country  to see his mother.At the end of their long adventure, Lucy and Edmund are told that they are too old  to return  to Narnia again.Within each Ring of Plague Sabine had organ ized, there was a complete assortment of powers: one  to fight with ice, one  to see through soil, one  to throw lightning, one  to fly, one  to fade, one  to shrink, one  to breathe fire, one  to run like the wind, one  to burrow, one  to see through rock, one  to levitate objects, and one  to push and bind dreams. (Obert Skye,  Leven  Thumps  and the Whispered Secret)

Cardiovascular Fitness (Designing an Experiment) Essay

Cardiovascular Fitness (Designing an Experiment) - Essay Example Cardiovascular Fitness (Designing an Experiment) Cardiovascular diseases have been associated to the increasing cases of obesity among children and adolescent as they approach adulthood (Olshanky and others 2005) cited in. However, little attention has been focused towards establishing the effect of excessive body fat and its negative impact on cardiac fitness (Rowland, 2007). Due to excessive fats there are high risks of coronary artery conditions such as renal-vascular diseases, hypertension and stroke coupled to other non-circulatory disorders. Body fatness and aerobic fitness are intertwined and have been reported as potential risk factors towards the health outcome of an individual (Goran and others 2000). Among the two factors, aerobic fitness has been reported as the primary factor determining future outcome of diseases (Goran and others 2000). However, it is important to understand the relationship between aerobic fitness and fatness towards establishing their role in causation of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular risk has also been linked to weight and dissociated from the widely accepted norm that being fat and fit is acceptable in cardiac health. Excess weight in most cases may be associated with high levels of cholesterol and alteration in the cardiac function. 1.Ha: Excess weight affect cardiovascular fitness by increasing the pulse rate and recovery time. 2.Ho: Excess weight will not affect cardiovascular fitness The experiment involved two subjects who were selected from among the group. The inclusion criteria dwelt on involving subjects who had respiratory and/or circulatory conditions. Exercise which was part of the experiment may be significantly compromised in these individuals. Pulse rate for treatment I (with weight) and for treatment II (without weight) were taken before the start of the experimental exercise and entered in a table. The experimental exercise involved making the subject step up and down for three minutes at constant rate of 24-30 steps per minute on a low platform. Immediately the 3 minutes were over, the pulse rates were recorded again and entered into a table as raw data for further analysis. The pulse rates were taken from the radial artery. This was done by making a tally of the number of beats in 30 seconds and multiplying this value by two. Subsequent measurements were taken at intervals of 1 minute for another three times. 3. Result text The pulse rate before th e exercise was slow but it was elevated following the 3 minutes exercise in the two treatments. However, the mean pulse rate in treatment two was higher than in treatment one (see table 1). The trend in pulse rate indicates that individuals with excess weight will have high pulse rate and longer recovery time after exercise (see figure 1 and figure 2). Mean recovery time was higher in treatment II at 3.25 minutes as compared to treatment I with 2.50 minutes. Overall standard error from the mean (SEM) was observed to at the highest from pulse measurements taken after the exercise. This value was higher in treatment I than in treatment II. Overall all treatment I recorded elevated means in the measurements of pulse rate before and after the exercise than treatment II without weight. This trend was also replicated in the recovery time with

Economy and Agriculture in Russia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economy and Agriculture in Russia - Case Study Example This in turn would be related to the development of agricultural economy and vertical integration of the agricultural market. The discussion here is based on vertical integration of grain agricultural market in transition economies of Eastern Europe (such as Russia) considering both secondary and primary research methods. The deficiencies in research methods are highlighted and the focus is on the agricultural and economic possibilities in Russia and other East European countries. In the context of Russia and other transition economies, it would be essential to analyze whether the Central and Eastern European countries have sustainable levels of agricultural output. However the impediments for emergence of agro food sector may have to be found out (OECD, 1998). The key issues related to structural reforms of the agro food sector especially within transition economies would deal with credit and finance, foreign direct investment, and efficiency matters in the sector. Support levels provided to agricultural companies and initiatives should increase and transition economies are in focus as these globally emerging economies are the ones which will become more important for world markets than the more stable economies. Funke and Ruhwedel (2005) used data from 14 East European transition economies to evaluate the relationship between productivity and economic growth in these regions. The results obtained from trade data suggest that the growth model of East Europea n transition economies may be explained with outward orientation and integration of world economic patterns. Russia's development and economic growth will have to be considered against the 1998 financial crisis that was triggered with the international financial crisis. With the financial crises, declining income and rising prices and inflation led to stockpiling of products for short term needs. Crisis also increased price competitiveness of agriculture and food industry although there has been a reported overall declining performance of the Russian economy after the 1998 crisis, especially within the agro food sector (Serova et al, 1999). The poor institutional settings within Russia and extensive bartering could be detrimental for the economy. Russia follows protectionist measures and measures to counteract food shortages although Serova et al (1999) claim that this may actually increase the inconsistency of Russia's food policies. Seeth et al (1998) draws out on the case of poverty and economic problems in Russia to bring out new dimensions in poverty research, especially within the context of Russia. The urban and rural households in Russia tend to respond to crisis situations and economic stress with increasing dependence on home gardening and subsistence agriculture. Agriculture is especially important for income and food consumption among the middle income strata although the poorer sections of society have very scarce resources and small plots and gardens that may not be adequate for income or food consumption. Household labour force and opportunities available would be some of the main factors that can

Marketing wk 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing wk 2 - Essay Example Price: Price plays equally a crucial part in product marketability. Pricing of products depend on their availability. If a product and its types are easily available in the marketplace, its pricing would be elastic, which means the unit sales would rise or fall with the change in its price. In comparison such products that are scare in availability but have robust demand would exhibit inelastic pricing behavior, which means product sale won’t be impacted with any fall or rise in its price (Jones, 2007). Place: A product can be made available through different distribution mediums such as retail outlets, via mail, through download from the internet, on a ship or any easily deliverable platform. The speed of making products available and choices for ordering a product offered to customers can affect the sales volume as per the facilities offered by the seller (Jones, 2007). Promotion: Promotion is related to any medium used for finding market for your products. Advertising, publ ic relations, point-of-sale displays, and word-of-mouth promotion are all different promotional tools. Promotion brings the prospective buyers and sellers closer to clinch the deal. Budget decides a promotional strategy for the kind of product being sold and availability of that promotional medium (Jones, 2007). Understanding the marketing mix is as relevant today as it was in the past. It is the marketing parameter to test the working of all the bases in a marketing initiative (Jones, 2007). Company Introduction Coca-Cola Amatil Limited (CCA) is a big soft drink company in the FMCG industry sector that produces many types of soft drinks in Australia. Its products are Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Powerade Sportswater, Disney Cordial, Fruita, Fruitopia 100% Fruit Juice etc., including bottled water â€Å"Mount Franklin† that has been available since 1991. Mount Franklin is pure spring water without adding any flavour into the water, taken from beneath the ground, travelling through r ock layers of three natural sources in Australia; 1. Mount Franklin (Victoria) 2. The central Cost (NSW) 3. Perth region (Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd [CCA], 2003). CCA has been using the marketing mix tactics for all products, particularly Mount Franklin. Marketing Mix Tactics of CCA 1.1 Product Tactics 1.1.1 Product Quality The most important tactic, which CCA uses to satisfy their customer, is the product’s quality. As tap water can be used for drinking, and there is a rival such as H2go, CCA has become more alert on their product quality. The benefit of Mount Franklin, which CCA provides to customers, is the quality of still water. It means that customer can be sure on health grounds when they get fresh clean water, which is Mount Franklin (Griffin, 2004). As being fresh, clean and healthy is the significant image of the product, CCA has to ensure the water quality of the source of still water. CCA has appointed a professional hydrologist expert scientist to study the aquifer, th e layer of rock or sediment which carries the water and looking at the quality and quantity of water available (Griffin, 2004). Moreover, CCA is not depending solely on the nature to guarantee the purity of the water. Therefore, Mount Franklin water is passed through

139 DB wk4 ED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

139 DB wk4 ED - Essay Example The camaraderie, team work and interdependence amongst employees ensure that the performances reflect varied cultures and are nothing short of spectacular (Berson). Cirque du Soleil’s mission is to ‘provoke the senses and to evoke the emotions of people around the world’ (Cirque du Soleil). The employees put in their best and strive to develop new acts and performances to entertain customers from different regions. This unrelenting commitment to innovation has been instrumental in Cirque du Soleil’s success. It is important for Cirque du Soleil to be a good corporate citizen to attain international goodwill and build a loyal set of customers. Ethnocentrism plays a pivotal role in enabling the company discharge its corporate social responsibility. The management of Cirque du Soleil believes that the world can be made a better place. The company strives to build win-win situation with all stakeholders including employees, customers and neighbors. It draws inspiration from its own artistic and cultural diversity (Cirque du Soleil). Cirque du Soleil respects the law of the land and treats each culture with respect and

Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report - Research Paper Example Breeding of genetically modified animals is counted as a procedure too (Jha 1). The use of animals has increase by 1% in 2010. This includes the 1.6 million procedures done involving the genetically modified mice. According to Judy McArthur, a chief inspector at the animals’ scientific procedures inspectorate of the Home office, excluding the genetically modified animals, the increase is less than 1%. This is because of the increase of the number of fish up to 23%, which counts for about 93 000 of the total animals. Dogs, primates, cats and horses are protected by the law, therefore, the total number of the procedures done using the animals is 19, 773, which accounts for around 0.5% of the total. The number of the dogs used in the procedures dropped by 2%, and that of cats dropped by 32%. In toxicology tests, the number of animals used dropped by 11%. Barney Reed, a senior scientist at the RSPCA described the rise of these procedures as astonishing. He pointed out that the rate of carrying out the procedure had incerased by 37% for the past one decade. Martin Walsh, the head of the Home Office’s animals scientific procedure division, provided that efforts are being made to reduce the number of animals used for research, as well as ending the use of animals as household products. The main ethical question raised in the article is why scientists breed the genetically modified animals, yet they could be endangered by such procedures. Here, according to professor Dominic Wells from the royal veterinary college, one of the reasons why the scientists produce more of the genetically modified animals is because they have refined their procedures. The scientists, therefore, produce two lines of mice that do not show any adverse phenotype until they are crossed. This enables them to generate any number that they want before they conduct any procedure. Breeding of the mice help the scientists

139 DB wk4 ED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

139 DB wk4 ED - Essay Example The camaraderie, team work and interdependence amongst employees ensure that the performances reflect varied cultures and are nothing short of spectacular (Berson). Cirque du Soleil’s mission is to ‘provoke the senses and to evoke the emotions of people around the world’ (Cirque du Soleil). The employees put in their best and strive to develop new acts and performances to entertain customers from different regions. This unrelenting commitment to innovation has been instrumental in Cirque du Soleil’s success. It is important for Cirque du Soleil to be a good corporate citizen to attain international goodwill and build a loyal set of customers. Ethnocentrism plays a pivotal role in enabling the company discharge its corporate social responsibility. The management of Cirque du Soleil believes that the world can be made a better place. The company strives to build win-win situation with all stakeholders including employees, customers and neighbors. It draws inspiration from its own artistic and cultural diversity (Cirque du Soleil). Cirque du Soleil respects the law of the land and treats each culture with respect and

ECON WEEK 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECON WEEK 3 - Assignment Example For example, an accountant would not be interested in the job vacancy published by a hospital. The structural unemployment refers to the loss of employment due to changes in technological demands and changes in the operational process (Oswego, 2014). For example, the automation of machine systems in the factories may lead to structural unemployment due to loss of demand for labor. The unemployment scenario is considered to be undesirable as it leads to substantial gap between the potential GDP and the real GDP of the country. The reduction in the volume of products and services produced within the geographical boundary leads to the gap between the supply and demand in the market which finally leads to inflation in the economy (Schenk, 2014). However, all forms of unemployment are not undesirable as it has beneficial effects in the long run. For example, the loss of demand for existing labor force may occur due to structural unemployment that results from the introduction of new technology and automated systems in the production process. Although it increases unemployment in the short run but the gradual adaption of the workforce to the technologically improved processes leads to improvement in the operational efficiency and enhancement of the production volumes. In this view, structural form of unemployment is not undesirable. The advent of internet has the potential to completely eliminate frictional unemployment. This is due to the fact that the spread of the internet and World Wide Web have enhanced the power of voluntary job search by the candidates. Instead of readily available job opportunities, the candidates would look for the desired job opportunity on a voluntary basis that would lead to loss of job in certain sectors. However, there would be other candidates who would look for jobs in these sectors and the internet would be a useful tool to provide them the information on the desired job vacancies. The

The origin of the third world plight Essay Example for Free

The origin of the third world plight Essay Thesis The Third world countries have continued to witness some of the most challenging times in their quest for real development that would catapult their economies to march those ones of the first worlds. However these countries have been bedeviled by major obstacles of bad governance, corruption, and exploitation by the first world countries. Of great concern has been the contribution of major world bodies that have continued to impoverish these economies in the name of supporting them. The World Bank stands out as one of the culprits. Introduction Many times is when some people do not understand what is meant by the term ‘third world plight’. This in terms means, they are those countries that still are developing. The third world countries are greatly in substantial indebt ness according to statistics. More than 50% of the people living in third world countries are living below the poverty line: this is below a dollar a day. It is reckoning, how this is happening, but the World Bank has attributed all this. In 1986 –1987, the World Bank’s president Barber Conable said that the World Bank had been a great success, yet it only oppresses the governments in the third world countries. In 1962, Robert McNamara who was the bank’s president led it to achieve higher loans levels and by the time he was resigning in 1981, the levels had increased from $883 million to over $12 billion. (James Bovard) McNamara and the World Bank supported Nyerere’s dictatorial regime and the bank gave more aid to Tanzania hence the cause of the current misery of the Tanzanian people. This kind of act by the World Bank was wanting, as it only devastated the third world countries. In late 1970’s, the World Bank also financed the Vietnamese’s government thus encouraging their brutal policies that brought about a lot of deaths of the boat people in the south sea. The bank was to finance an irrigation project that was risky, as it would be subjected to rebellion among the farmers. Farmers who resisted the project ended up being drowned in the sea. (James Bovard) The World Bank lent $600million to the Indonesian government to forcibly remove people from Java Island and resettle them in the barren islands. It was due to this transmigration, that violence erupted in Indonesia, leading to the deaths of thousands of people. Despite this fact, the bank termed this as the â€Å"largest voluntary migration.† This was clarion of the banks hypocrisy as it violated human’s rights. The bank provided capital to the Ethiopian Marxist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam. (James Bovard)   In 1984 – 1985, Ethiopia was struck by famine and this forced the government to forcibly deport people in northern Ethiopia to the south. It is believed that more deaths occurred as would have been caused by the famine. The government introduced the villagilization program but many people still rebelled against it and were killed. Despite of all this happenings, the bank still continued to lend money, as it was not concerned with the citizens but seemed to provide more help to the bureaucrats and politicians. (James Bovard) The World bank is highly to blame on the poverty in the third world countries as it uses to pressure to this countries to lend more money than which is borrowed. The audit of Madagascar Morondava Irrigation and Rural Development Project is a good example, where by the new government was pressured by the bank to accept the project so as to be submitted to the executive directors. It is evident that the World Bank gave wrong advice to the third world countries and it’s clearly brought in Western Africa in the project of promoting cocoa and coffee. This simply failed because the bank had encouraged the farmers to grow cash crops in unsuitable soils. (Barbara G 18) The world bank in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s aim, was to lend money in order to boost food production in Africa and other developing countries but this did not happen as almost 20% of the food production had fallen because much of the bank’s investments went to big irrigation schemes and state farms thus wastage of money. It is due to the bank’s poor investments that dragged down the entire economies of the third world countries. (Peter T. Bauer 21) In 1980, the world began Structural Adjustment Loans programs that encouraged policy reforms. Most of these loans were mainly going to the governments of the third world countries in repaying their debts to the bank or the international momentary fund. In 1984, a statement from a world bank’s official was bizarre, as he said, â€Å"if china is to maintain a reasonable growth rate and manageable debt service payments, it will need to obtain the necessary additional foreigner capital at an average interest rate below the market rate.† This implied that even investments in the third world countries would not be greater than the banks interest hence putting third world countries into deeper poverty’(Peter T. Bauer 23)    Problems faced by the third world countries Malnutrition- a good example is in Kenya whereby a bank report found severe malnutrition widespread among the beneficiaries. Barbara Gunnell concluded ‘the real loser is the Kenyan government, or future generations of Kenyans who will go on paying the World Bank interest on the loan.’ This was due to the fact that the bank had invested $20 million in Bura irrigation but when the then president Daniel Moi toured Bura he found ‘eroded irrigation canals, abandoned plots, poor crops, tumbledown and unsanitary housing, zebra grazing on irrigated land and on air of decay’(Peter T. Bauer 23) Diseases -a lot of diseases have become wide spread in these third world countries and they include; The AIDS pandemic, malaria, cholera among others. Poor infrastructure- poor insfrastructure has become a major threat to these countries as many accidents occur though roads that are constructed well but the cost of maintenance is quite high hence they become dilapidated. (Peter T. Bauer 24) Desertification- an example is in Botswana whereby two livestock projects that were to promote cattle rising resulted to overgrazing. The bank further introduced a third livestock project despite the fact that it led to overgrazing. (Peter T. Bauer 26) Displacement- the bank is spending about half a billion dollars in the largest westwards-flowing river in India to dam it. This was proved that it would end up displacing thousands of people and destroying a lot of land but the World Bank went ahead with its plan. Insecurity- the third world countries have been faced with high rate of insecurity as foreign direct investments have been directed to other regions hence of no benefits to these countries as high crime rates still continues. (Peter T. Bauer 33) Poverty – many people in the third world countries are living below the poverty line due to the indebt ness that they have to their donors, international momentary fund and the World Bank. (Peter T. Bauer 34) Conclusion It is evident that though the World Bank has helped these countries, it is majorly to blame for dragging their economies. For all countries in the world to be at par, it only would be best to cancel of, the debt of the so-called third world countries. The bank ought to encourage reductions in lending capital to enable these countries economies to grow. It could also not lend capital that will be of bad use, as this only benefits politicians of these countries and continues to deteriorate their economies. Works Cited Barbara Gunnell, The Great Bura Irrigation Scheme Disaster, African Business (April  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1986): 18. James Bovard: The World Bank vs. the World Poor: Policy Analysis: Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa092.html Peter T. Bauer: Equality. The Third World. And Economic Delusion: Cambridge, Harvard  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press, 1981 p. 21.

Hiv Infected Black African Community Health And Social Care Essay

Hiv Infected Black African Community Health And Social Care Essay Today the epidemic HIV/AIDS has become a universal issue demanding attention of all public sectors. The HIV infection has developed as a major public health importance in the whole world with its increasing prevalence rate. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which affects the immune system of the body and destroys all its functions where an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most advance phase of HIV infection (World health organisation, 2010). Globally around 60 million people are affected since the start of this epidemic HIV and till now around 20 million people are died due to infection of this virus (UNAIDS, 2005). In the year 2007, it was estimated that around 33.2 million people were living with HIV in the world (UNAIDS, 2007). Similarly in United Kingdom, the prevalence of HIV infected people was 77,400 in 2007 (Health Protection Agency, 2008). The London city continues to be the UKs HIV/AIDS hot spot with leading numbers of HIV cases as compa red to UK. In London, the population of Black Africans are most rapidly increasing in terms of HIV infection and forming the second largest group of HIV/AIDS service users (Erwin and peters, 1999). This essay will try to investigate and analyse the causes of increasing prevalence of HIV infection in Black African people in London Borough of Lewisham. The essay will briefly examine the epidemiology of HIV infection in Lewisham particularly with focusing on Black African ethnicity. This essay will also focus on socio economic determinants of HIV prevalence in Black African community in London borough of Lewisham. With the help of this research the factors influencing HIV/AIDS in Black African population in Lewisham would be studied. This will be an attempt to analyse the strategies and interventions of the issue regarding global, national and mainly the local perspectives. It focuses on black African communities because they are disproportionately affected by HIV infection compared to other minority ethnic groups. The HIV infection is mainly transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse which can be anal or vaginal. It may also be transmitted through the transfusion of HIV contaminated blood to the healthy individual. Sharing needles has become a most common reason for the spread of this epidemic. It may also be transmitted through the mother having HIV to her child. Breast feeding is also one of the factors which can help to spread the HIV (World Health Organisation, 2010). Still in many areas like developing countries, people are unknown to HIV/AIDS. The illiteracy and poverty are the main causative factors for the spread of epidemic HIV in the world. Being an epidemic, migration is the most common cause for increasing the prevalence of HIV. Sex workers also play a leading role in the spread of HIV because the infection is sexually transmitted. London city has the maximum proportion of population from minority ethnic groups migrated from all over the world. Among these different ethnic groups, Black Africans are one of the fastest growing immigrants in London. East London is one of the poorest areas in London city with having lowest expectation of life, highest unemployment rate and poor housing with low level of education (Elford et al, 2006). In England, late diagnosis of HIV remains a major problem among black Africans. In 2007, about 42 per cent of black Africans diagnosed with HIV were diagnosed late. The evidence shows that late diagnosis of HIV increases more risk of early mortality. The research also conclude some reasons for late diagnosis of HIV in Black African community such as, fear of testing positive for HIV, some of them have a misconception that testing positive would lead to deportation, fear of breaking up the social relationships after testing positive, unknown of testing centres due to lack of information, having fear that life or business pattern will change because of testing positive. Most of Black Africans felt that they had no reason to think they had HIV. Due to HIV related stigma and discrimination Black Africans as compared to White community are the least likely to disclose their HIV status to their partners, family members, employers or friends. Cultural and religious diversity among African c ommunity are the main causes of increase in prevalence of HIV. The evidence indicates that long time stay in England also has an impact on the sexual health of black Africans. Many black African migrates are facing insecure residency status problem. This causes unemployment and mental problems to the community and due to this they are forced into sexual risks, such as prostitution which increases high risk to HIV infection (Race Equality Foundation, 2009). Language barrier is one of the main causes for the increase in prevalence of HIV in Black people. Ineffective communication between people and health care professional causes poor service of the health care. Spirituality is also an important factor in the health and well-being of older Black African people and must also be considered when deciding on methods of engagement (Race Equality Foundation, 2010). In England, It has proved that there are more same-sex relationships than reported among black Africans (Race Equality Foundation, 2009). There is growing evidence to show that African men who have sex with men (MSM) living in the UK are deeply affected by HIV. The article from Audrey Prost, related to sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) highlights the fact that homosexually active men from Black African communities in UK are disproportionately vulnerable to STIs compared to white people community. According to a study conducted by Hickson and his colleagues in 2001, a higher proportion of black African MSM (18%) was living with HIV compared with white MSM with 10% (Aidsportal, 2007). African gay/bisexual men, regardless of their HIV status, are considered hard to reach and reluctant to talk. Various reports indicate that homophobia, both at large and within the black African community may be preventing African men from engaging with HIV prevention initiatives and even discussing their sexual identity with anyone. The racism and homophobia are being very offensive part in Black gay community because Black people have always excluded, harassed, imprisoned and killed often solely because they have black skin where Gay men are also harassed, beaten and killed because they are gay. This explains how difficult it can be being black and gay. In UK, there are some evidences of research studies which are related to Black Caribbean MSM and their problems regarding social lives but there is no evidence of equivalent research which has been has been carried out with African men in UK. Therefore more research is needed urgently for understanding the sexual lifestyles of Afric an MSM, their problems regarding social lives and the best ways to reach them with HIV prevention policies and interventions (Aidsportal, 2007). Commission for Equality and Human Rights (CEHR) presents a real opportunity to address the multiple forms of discrimination faced by Black/African gay men, including racism, homophobia, sexism etc. In London the well established determinants of health care costs for people living with HIV/AIDS such as disease stage and transmission category, socio-economic factors like employment and the support of a living-in partner drastically reduced community services expenses (Kupek et al, 1999). The social responses of fear, stigma, denial and discrimination have accompanied the epidemic HIV/AIDS where the discrimination has increased enormously with maximum anxiety and prejudice against the community who are commonly affected with HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2000). The HIV/AIDS can be treated by some modern therapies but it cannot be cured. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a therapy which uniformly slower down the rate of disease development towards AIDS or the death. In London it is consistently showed that, the Black African people living with HIV are more likely to present with advanced stage of disease, and are therefore less likely to access and get advantage from this therapy. Because of this consequence there is a high mortality rate related to AIDS among the White community but in Black African community it has not yet seen remarkably (Boyd et al, 2005). The main reason for this occurrence is an unawareness of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among the Black African community. The information and knowledge regarding demographic characteristics and the stage of HIV in various communities can give important insights like which community should be targeted to provide more intensive educational campaigns t o develop the uptake of HIV testing. The World Health Organisation, UNAIDS and AVERT are the globally leading health organisations which work together and with the government for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. These organisations regularly keep an updates of the prevalence of epidemic HIV/AIDS globally, on national level as well as on the local level. Though these organisations are trying to provide maximum services for HIV infected people, it is proved that, globally only less than one individual in five who are at risk of HIV had access to basic prevention services for HIV (UNAIDS, 2005). As mentioned earlier, the prevalence of HIV is much in African regions. The governments of African countries should act decisively against the increase of HIV infections in the country. In South Africa the government has approved the long-awaited provision of free antiretroviral drugs in public hospitals. The South Africa is the only country in Africa whose government is still obtuse, dilatory and negligent about rolling out treatment ( AVERT, 2010). To fight against an epidemic HIV worldwide, the World Health Organisation and other national and international health organisations celebrates World AIDS Day every year on first December. The theme was established by World Health Organisation in 1988. Worldwide it provides national AIDS programs, faith organisations, community organisations, and individuals with an opportunity to raise awareness and focus attention on the global AIDS epidemic (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). In England, the HIV related framework of services has been developed for African communities. This framework is developed to fulfil the vision of NHS plan and meet the standards and goals set out in the National Strategy. This service framework helps NHS staff offering HIV prevention and sexual health promotion advice to African communities. The Department of Health has proposed an ASTOR framework to deal with the diverse black community with different needs. It is a standardised planning tool which can be very helpful to deal with the Black African HIV infected patients. The benefits of ASTORs are for both service commissioners and providers (Department of Health, 2005). To reduce the prevalence of HIV infection in Black African community, the government of England have planned some strategies such as, Reducing the number of people living with undiagnosed HIV with maximum access to testing HIV, improving the health of people living with HIV by providing an antiretroviral therapy to them, preventing the onward transmission of HIV by addressing knowledge and awareness to the infected people (Elam et al, 2006). The African HIV Policy Network (AHPN) is a national umbrella organisation which deals with providing the information of national policies on HIV and sexual health that have implicated for African communities (African HIV Policy Network, 2008). In England the National African HIV prevention Programme (NAHIP) also works effectively delivering prevention interventions for African people living in England. In 1997, the department of health set up a first group of national projects targeted for African community to reduce the prevalence of HIV infection in England. In 2008 the Department of Health instigated a review of the two national HIV Prevention programmes, NAHIP and CHAPS which highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of both programmes and discussed the challenges regarding increasing prevalence in black Africans. In mid 2009, the RBE Consultancy was commissioned to consult with stakeholders in order to develop the NAHIP Strategic Plan 2010 2012. There is a provision of African A IDS Helpline which will become an intervention within NIHIP and the African community. The structure of the plan of NIHIP for 2010-2012 mainly include, the Implementation of the African HIV Prevention Handbook, Putting the Knowledge, The Will and The Power into Practice, relationships with evaluation and development. The aim of AHPN plan is taking into account the needs of African communities and more specifically incorporates Africans living with HIV into local delivery plans where the NIHIP aims to maintain the flow of the previous structure, provide a link for Sub-Contracted Agencies in case of grievances, reduce the length of time between HIV infection and diagnosis, reduce the number of condom failure events by increasing correct use of condoms, increase post-exposure prophylaxis in people who are sexually exposed to HIV (NAHIP, 2010). The Department of Health (2005) planned some interventions to decrease the prevalence of HIV in African communities such as, One to one counselling. Telephone help lines. Provision of sperm washing services. Clinical services to prevent mother-to-child transmission. To maximise the contact with the target group Department of Health made some settings which include, religious groups of African community or churches, African restaurants and embassies etc (Department of Health, 2005). The most prominent initiatives of NIHIP are the Do It Right Africans Making Healthy Choices campaign providing information on sexual health, condoms, and where to access help to the targeted group. The Beyond Condoms campaign of NIHIP promotes debate among African communities about a wide range of issues regarding sexual health and building a safer sex culture. To avoid the language and religious barriers the campaign literature is available in five different languages with targeting different religious groups (AVERT, 2010). The London Borough of Lewisham has large number of black African community with infected by HIV. Each year the NHS of Lewisham treats over 1,200 people for HIV infection. In this borough, around 57% of people are infected through heterosexual sex and 35% are infected through sex between men. The NHS Lewisham is trying to fight against increase in HIV prevalence by implementing different strategies. In 2009, the NHS set a theme for World AIDS Day entitled Universal Access and Human Rights. In the whole borough, the HIV testing is currently available through all GPs on request and four rapid-access HIV testing clinics around the borough. With implementing a new theme for HIV the NHS is piloting a new approach to HIV testing (NHS Lewisham, 2009). To avoid different barriers against HIV treatment the NHS has set 5 spoke providers on the weekly and monthly basis in which Metro is for weekly gay men group and FAWA provides French speaking African monthly group. This can help African commun ity who are infected with HIV (NHS Lewisham, 2009). In London Borough of Lewisham, the service providers for the black African people living with HIV are commissioned through the South London HIV Partnership (SLHP). The HIV services for black African communities commissioned by SLHP are as follows: African Culture Promotion: Prevention work with African communities. SHAKA: Prevention work with Caribbian and African communities. NPL: Prevention work with African communities. LSL African Health Forum: Prevention work with African communities. THT GMFA: Care and support services for gay men. Terrence Higgins Trust: Counselling (NHS Lewisham, 2009). Although Lewisham carries maximum number of HIV patients with black African ethnicity, still there are no specific strategies or policies targeting only for black Africans HIV patients in London Borough of Lewisham. According to the research carried out, the black Africans continue to present with more advanced HIV disease than whites or black Caribbeans. This community is still lacking for the early diagnosis as compared to other ethnic groups. The future strategies should be designed to promote the uptake of HIV testing among black Africans. The future strategies should address the multiple barriers to testing, including misperception of risk, stigma and discrimination and ready access to testing. This study suggests that although being on a high risk group for HIV infection the black Africans generally do not suspect their status. This community delay their uptake for HIV clinic care and test and statutory, voluntary support services. But still after diagnosis they are similar to their white counterparts. The black African community lack informal support networks. This study highlights a desperate need for health promotion work for the black African communities in London Borough of Lewisham, to increase awareness of the benefits of testing HIV and simultaneously to reduce the stigma and discrimination related to HIV/AIDS. These are some barriers which have been illustrated in this study related to HIV testing. The attitudes and practices of NHS and other health care providers, perceptions of patients living with HIV, and official, managerial and economical factors would be very important aspects for the effectiveness of HIV testing and counselling for black African community but yet there is lack of structured information regarding these barriers. The overall barriers described are associated with low-risk perception, access to the health services, reluctance to address HIV, fear and worries and scarcity of economical and properly trained human resources. To conclude the overall study some suggestions would be helpful for the future strategies of health care services. The strategy or the policy should be made which can help strengthen work between the voluntary and statutory sector since the black African community would find it easier to approach their community organisations. The statutory sector should also approach the community directly by reaching them and to hear their personal views. Every newly established structure of the policy should be placed in each sector which will enable the people to attend easily. Considering the examples of the black African gay people, where it is perhaps easier for them to deal with HIV as they have, no baggage of family, these people are generally from the indigenous community therefore there is no immigration status problem, these people are stigmatised but also influential and empowered. If a HIV patient is admitted in hospital, try monitoring him and when he is about to discharged the hospita l ask him to contribute some thoughts once back in the community. Proactive engagement with the black African community would effect in unequal access to services and care with raising the confidence in their own voluntary organisation that the information about their status is held in confidence and will not be breached. A health care service should have culturally competent staff and involves families in the communication process which can be effective and successful. It is also a responsibility of all members of the society. The society should act well with the minority groups living with HIV. They should not be stigmatised by the general people. Being a good human everyone should avoid racism with minority communities like black Africans and the gay people. Remember, the Black African community who have HIV/AIDS are not the problem but the society is. REFERANCES: African HIV Policy Network. (2008) BHIVA/BASHH/BIS HIV TESTING GUIDELINES CONSULTATION Response from the African HIV Policy Network (AHPN). [Online] Available from: http://www.ahpn.org/downloads/policies/Consultation_on_BHIVA_testing_guidelines_V3_0.pdf [Accessed 5th May 2010]. African HIV Policy Network. (2006) HIV and Immigration. [Online] Available from: http://www.ahpn.org/downloads/newsletters/AHPNNewsletter0406.pdf [Accessed 15th May 2010]. Aidsportal. (2007) African HIV Policy network. [Online] Available from: http://www.aidsportal.org/repos/AHPNNewsletterMSMJuly07.pdf [Accessed 25th April 2010]. AVERT. (2010) HIV and AIDS in the UK. [Online] Available from: http://www.avert.org/aids-uk.htm [Accessed 21st May 2010]. AVERT. (2010) History of AIDS: 2003-2006. [Online] Available from: http://www.avert.org/aids-history03-06.htm [Accessed 17th May 2010]. Bevan, K. (2008) HIV in South East London 1995 2006. [Online] Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1212477969757 [Accessed 12th May 2010]. Boyd, A., Murad, S., Oshea, S., Ruiter, A., Watson, C., Easterbrook, P. (2005) Ethnic differences in stage of presentation of adults newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in south London. [Online] Available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118714709/PDFSTART [Accessed 26th April 2010]. Department of Health. (2005) HIV and AIDS in African Communities A Framework for Better Prevention and Care January. [Online] Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4099052.pdf [Accessed 13th May 2010]. Elam, G., De Souza, L., Ward, H. (2006) HIV and AIDS in the United Kingdom African communities: guidelines produced for prevention and care. [Online] Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2886 [Accessed 2nd May 2010]. Elford, J., Anderson, J., Bukutu, C., Ibrahim, F. (2006) HIV in East London: ethnicity, gender and risk. Design and methods. [Online] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1524742/ [Accessed 14th May 2010]. Erwin, J., Peters, B. (1999) Treatment issues for HIV+ Africans in London. [Online] Available from: http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VBF-3X70SDJ-6-1_cdi=5925_user=983321_pii=S0277953699002208_orig=search_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999_sk=999509988view=cwchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzSmd5=b3e0e9a3f108a1a7e8675b1ed11c7ef9ie=/sdarticle.pdf [Accessed 14th May 2010]. Health Protection Agency. (2008) HIV in the United Kingdom: 2008 Report. [Online] Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1227515298354 [Accessed 9th May 2010]. Kupek, E., Dooley, M., Whitaker, L., Petrou, S., Renton, A. (1999) Demographic and socio-economic determinants of community and hospital services costs for people with HIV/AIDS in London. [Online] Available from: http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VBF-3WR495S-C-1_cdi=5925_user=983321_pii=S027795369800447X_orig=search_coverDate=05%2F31%2F1999_sk=999519989view=cwchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzSmd5=8f397198cfd5d487e813fcadbf073668ie=/sdarticle.pdf [Accessed 7th May 2010]. Latif, S. (2010) Effective methods of engaging black and minority ethnic communities within health care settings. [Online] Available from: http://www.better-health.org.uk/files/health/health-brief18.pdf [Accessed 3rd May 2010]. National African HIV Prevention Programme. (2010) National African HIV Prevention Programme (NAHIP) Strategic Plan April 2010 to March 2012. [Online] Available from: http://www.nahip.org.uk/downloads/494.pdf [Accessed 28th April 2010]. NHS Lewisham. (2009) HIV Supportive Care in Lewisham. [Online] Available from: http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4072F68D-B71C-48EB-8749-CCFBC0B0DB7E/0/cc7f47f87214442b9213e01b0b2a297104HIVCommissioningandsupportprovision.PDF [Accessed 25th May 2010]. NHS Lewisham. (2009) MEDIA RELEASE WORLD AIDS DAY: 1ST DECEMBER 2009. [Online] Available from: http://www.lewishampct.nhs.uk/documents/2244.pdf [Accessed 5th May 2010]. NHS Lewisham. (2009) HIV Supportive Care in Lewisham Report for Healthier Communities Select Committee NHS Lewisham. (2010) HIV Supportive Care in Lewisham. [Online] Available from: http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9FE5FD58-9FDD-40F6-8C40-4ECECFBE23D4/0/0f66c646e95c4283b3b14078e7d0214608HIVHealthierCommunitiesSelectCommittee.PDF [Accessed 4th May 2010]. UNAIDS. (2000) HIV and AIDS-related stigmatization, discrimination and denial: forms, contexts and determinants. [Online] Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/unaids/2000/UNAIDS_00.16E.pdf [Accessed 1st May 2010]. UNAIDS. (2005) Intensifying HIV prevention. 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Who’s Hungry? :: Argumentative Persuasive College Essays

Who’s Hungry? It’s almost 7:30 and the sun is just beginning to set for the night. I rush out of the shower and throw on whatever I have in my locker to wear. Dashing out of the locker room I try to avoid eye contact as I scurry out the door. If I stop to talk to a friend or check my mail I could miss my meal for the night. For at 7:30, the main dining facility and more than half the other on-campus will lock their doors until the next day. The inadequate dining hours at James Madison University have left students all over campus rushing out of various activities, classes and sports practices to try to get some much needed food and drink. Due to these extremely stringent dining hours, students are not performing as well and the university is missing out on a very profitable resource. Out of the thirteen dining facilities at James Madison University, only one is open past 8:00 PM throughout the entire week. This sole dining location is PC Dukes located on the ground floor of the Phillips Center (JMU Dining Services). Although it does provide quality food, the quantity you can get here for a punch is minuscule compared to Gibbons Dining Hall. A punch, as referred to by the students, is an equivalent of four dollars. At PC Dukes, this usually means a sandwich and a drink, while at Gibbons Dining Hall food is unlimited. Dining facilities, especially the main on-campus food facility, Gibbons Dining Hall, need to remain open later to accommodate everyone. By giving students more time to eat, more students would opt for the more costly meal plans and not have to load up on snacks and other items from off campus stores such as Wal-mart. The less students go off campus, the more likely their revenue is to stay in the university. The addition of dining hours would certainly benefit everyone involved in the university. Some dining locations are open past 8:00 PM several nights of the week on-campus. However, many of these eating facilities are relatively unknown to a large portion of the underclassmen. Most are located under dorms and hidden from the student’s eyes. They are also incapable of holding a large amount of students simply because they don’t have the room.

The language of fashion magazines

Overture The significance of print media has been getting bigger and bigger as the time progress all over the world. Magazine is one of the popular forms of print media worldwide. There are different types of magazines with different features and attributes. They are mostly periodic- monthly and quarterly magazines are most common. The magazines generally focus a particular area and they target a particular group of people as their target readers.Such as business and economics oriented magazines are designed mostly for the business people, Science and genealogy for the young people and students, art and literature for the readers who particularly possess interest towards art and literature. Sports magazines target the young and enthusiastic sports lovers and fashion and lifestyle magazines are for the people who are concerned pretty much about their living style and modern days fashions. In this report we have selected such two fashion and life style magazines, one local and one inte rnational. Instill† the international one, published as British version and Mirror- the Bangladesh magazine regarded as one of the most rumoring and classic fashion magazine of the country. Both the magazines follow English as their media language and are published monthly. We will try to identify the approach of these two commonly oriented magazines. Both the magazines target the today's modern women with their independence and glamorous. In the next section we shall be introduced with these magazines. 1. Mirror; at a glance: Name: Mirror Magazine Nature: Monthly Magazine Type: Fashion & Life style Established (First Issue): 2003, Dacha Editor: Quasi Changer Lam Number of publication: 24,000 (2013) Language: English Company: Mirror Group (Bangladesh) 1. 3 Instill; at a glance Name: Instill Established (First Issue): June, 1994 Editor: Ariel Fox Number of publication: (2011) Company: Time Inc. (US) EPIC Media (I-J) part: TWO 2. 1 PURPOSE STATEMENT This paper has been intended as an academic purpose of the students of M. A. In English Program.It aims to find out a comparative analysis of both the magazines in literal as well as structural sense. This comparison will reveal both the similarities and dissimilarities between the two magazines each possess supreme popularity in their own platform. The other purpose of the study is to analyze the style of language of English and what techniques are used in the magazines. This paper also tries to find out how to use language in print media 2. 2 Methodology For a constructive comparison time frame and contextual frame should be pretty much same and identical.Here two magazines have been selected with same nature and categorical similarities. In order to maintain the time frame, the particular number of the magazines for analysis was kept concurrent. The Bangladesh magazine â€Å"Mirror† was taken of volume 10, which is the July-August Edition of the rent year and an Did Fashion Special. On the other hand, the I-J based international Magazine â€Å"Instill† was taken of Volume 20, number 5 and it was the edition of the month of May of this going year. Thus, from the time frame perspective, both have same platform.In order to maintain the contextual frame, the two magazines taken from the similar taste and target readers. Both are fashion and life style magazines particularly designed for the progressive modern ladies. It is important to mention that the comparison was not made from all the numbers of the magazines, rather the two given numbers mentioned earlier. In the next section, we will begin with the comparative analysis of the magazines. Part: THREE Comparative discussions on the two magazines The previously mentioned numbers of each magazine were brought under the observation of the readers.We have tried to point out similarities and dissimilarities found in their writing styles, literal values and presentations. 3. 1 Point of Similarities: 3. 1. 1 Presentation of the C over Page: Both the magazines feature their cover page with the photos of two very beautiful and glamorous celebrities. The one at the left is the cover page of the Bangladesh gagging â€Å"Mirror† which features Biddy Sinai Mim, a very promising and one of the top models of current times of the country. On the right top, we have the cover page of the British tabloid â€Å"Instill† which features the global celebrity Emily Blunt, a very popular international actress.This similarity is quite an evident and a very common method for the fashion magazines to feature a photo of a beautiful looking celebrity with her distinguishes appeals and glamour. This similarity is not true for these two numbers of the magazines, bull almost all numbers of all fashion magazines. 3. 1. Domination of Photos of the models at pose: This is perhaps the most significant similarity and feature of the fashion magazines. They use the photos more than words. In fact, in the two numbers of the mag azines, almost 80 percent of the pages contain photo of the glamorous models at their beauty pose.Thus, the language of fashion magazines are predominately visual and not word oriented. This has been found in both the magazines case. 3. 1. 3 Presentation of Commercial Advertisements Both the magazines preach quite a heavy volume of advertisements. The advertisements are found to be similar in nature. The advertisements are mostly of the beauty products and colorful photos are used in form of commercial advertisements. This reveals that both the fashion magazines use their commercials as like their features as the magazines features models and their beauty styles.Thus the advertisements seem like the magazines own features. 3. 1. 4 Similar presentation of articles: Both the magazines publish few articles in their magazines apart from the photos. The articles are mostly short, generally contains less than 250 words. The British tabloid of May, 2013 featured few articles regarding Osca r programs and activities of he international celebrities. The local tabloid featured with beauty instructions and tips and promotes latest fashions through their articles. In each case, the language is short, easily understandable and free from literal complicity. . 1. 5 Similarity in Language and writing style: Due to the light nature, both the magazines follow short and simple writing styles. They use simple worlds, short speeches and the articles are mostly free from articulate and literal beauty. 3. 2 Point of Dissimilarity: 3. 2. 1 Contextual Dissimilarity: Despite of their similar nature of fashion and life style, the magazines differ in their approach too. â€Å"Instill† exhibits its high interest in the life style of the celebrities whereas â€Å"Mirror† focuses more on the fashions of the progressive ladies.The photos and the features of the magazine â€Å"Instill† uses the international celebrities to preach the activities of the celebrities. Mirror- the Bangladesh Fashion tabloid on the other hand, focuses more on the fashion and glamour of the local celebrities. 3. 2. 2 Difference in the theme: it has seen that the local fashion magazine focuses on the impact of culture and seasons. For instance, the selected edition was an Did special. There were previous editions on summer bride, pupas special, bookish special etc. This suggest that the local magazine focuses on the cultural impact in the world of fashion.The international tabloid focuses on the life of the celebrities, their activities are the elements of interest. The impact of culture and season was not found to be strong. 3. 2. 3 Difference in Approach: The British magazine provides short article and information though small news in columns which has been completely missed out in the beggarliness magazine. Bangladesh magazine on the other side focuses on the physical beauty of their local liberties (mostly models) and the pattern of their latest fashions thought the exhi bition of a series of photos.Part Four Findings of the language of Fashion Magazine: The noticeable findings of the language of fashion magazines are It shows how linguistic techniques such as puns and presuppositions are used by magazines to capture our attention It examines how image and text combine to produce meaning It discusses how ideological messages are conveyed It analyses how the appeals are constructed through language It looks at how magazines relate to culture part FIVE Conclusion The language of fashion magazines is lively.Furs are to-die-for', colors are ‘drifts dreamy and looks are ‘leotard simple. The last three decades have witnessed a reevaluation of fashion, both in terms of its credibility as an area of academic investigation and its importance in Western culture, which has caused its reconsideration within popular culture. Today, fashion can be found when flipping through art and fashion magazines. The art press, however, locates fashion within wid er social and cultural dialogues, reflecting upon the social, cultural, psychological ND economic implications of dress.As women's fashion magazines have critical role in the maintenance of cultural values and representation of the gender identity, we will be able to investigate how English language relates to gender identity through fashion in Bangladesh. Even though synergies effect of fashion and language as symbolic capital is very interesting subject to study. This habitation of two is neutralized as to create mythology of the modern society is hard to deconstruct. To demythologize the fusion of English language and fashion more profound research will be needed.